Umkhiwane ungesinye sezihlahla zezithelo ezaziswa kakhulu ezingadini zezithelo nasemasimini anokuniselwa okuncane.. Kuyisitshalo esibekezelela ukuthenwa kahle kakhulu, futhi sidinga ukuchitha amahora ambalwa kakhulu ngonyaka ngaphansi kuka-7ºC ukuze sithele inani elikhulu lezithelo ngesikhathi sonyaka.
Lokhu kwenza kube mnandi kakhulu ukuyikhulisa, ngoba ayidingi ukunakekelwa. Ngakho-ke uma ufuna ukunambitheka amakhiwane asanda kuvunwa, sizokuchazela konke ngomkhiwane ukuze ungaphuthelwa lutho.
Umsuka nezici zomuthi womkhiwane
Isithombe - Wikimedia / Juan Emilio Prades Bel
Umkhiwane, ogama lawo ngokwesayensi ngu UFicus carica, isihlahla esivuthuluka esidabuka eNingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia, kodwa safika eGibhithe ngesikhathi soFaro naseRoma lasendulo. Ukusuka lapho ngokuqinisekile yethulwa kwezinye izingxenye zeMedithera, njengaseSpain. Njengelukuluku, kuyathakazelisa ukusho ukuthi a ukutadisha eshicilelwe kuSayensi ikhombisa ukuthi kwakuyisitshalo sokuqala ukufuywa, cishe iminyaka eyinkulungwane ngaphambi kokuba sikwenze nezinye ezinjengokolweni.
Kodwa kanjani? Kanjalo. Kuyisitshalo esifinyelela ukuphakama okungamamitha ayi-8, noma kunjalo ekulimeni kunzima ukuthola ama-specimens angaphezu kwamamitha angu-4. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi liyathenwa ukuze ukuvuna amakhiwane kube ntofontofo, ngoba ukube ayekwa ukuba azikhulele, lawo ahluma emagatsheni angenhla cishe ayeyophelela phansi, aqhume ngemva kokushaywa kwawo futhi angakufanelekeli ukutshala. ukuvuna.ukusetshenziswa.
Inkomishi icishe ibe ngamamitha angu-3-4 ububanzi kumfanekiso wabantu abadala, futhi lakhiwa amagatsha amaningi lapho kuhluma amaqabunga acijile, afinyelela kumasentimitha angu-25 ubude namasentimitha angu-18 ububanzi. Lawa aluhlaza, kodwa uma isimo sezulu siqala ukuphola aphenduka abephuzi, abe nsundu futhi agcine ewa.
Iqhakaza entwasahlobo, futhi ikwenza ngendlela ethakazelisa kakhulu: ikhiqiza amakhiwane okuthi, ngaphakathi, abe nezimbali ezincane, ezizovuzwa impova yiqembu elithile leminyovu. Lezi zinambuzane zingena ngembobo yekhiwane esisekelweni salo, futhi zibekela amaqanda azo ngaphakathi. Uma izibungu zesilisa zichanyuselwa eqandeni, zihlangana nezinsikazi zisengaphakathi kweqanda, bese ziyafa.
Ekugcineni, ezinsikazi ekugcineni ziyaphuma eqandeni futhi, njengoba zinamaphiko, zingaphuma emkhiwaneni, kodwa ngaphandle kokuthatha impova ezimbalini zawo kuqala ezosetshenziselwa ukuvuthela esinye isihlahla somkhiwane.
Zingaki izitshalo ozikhiqizayo ngonyaka?
Kuzoncika kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zesihlahla somkhiwane. Kukhona abakwenza kanye kuphela, maphakathi/ekupheleni kwehlobo, kodwa kukhona abanye abakwenza kabili.: ekuqaleni kwenkathi eshiwo, ikhiqiza lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi ama-brevas (mancane kunamakhiwane), kanti enye phakathi no-August no-September enyakatho nenkabazwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kucatshangwe ukuthi UFicus carica kungaba i-dioecious, okungukuthi, kukhona izibonelo zesilisa nezinye zesifazane; noma i-monoecious enezimbali zabo bobabili ubulili esihlahleni esisodwa.
Uneminyaka emingaki umkhiwane?
Isikhathi sokuphila se UFicus carica kuvela Iminyaka engu-50-60. Ikhula ngokushesha kakhulu futhi iqala ukuthela amakhiwane kusenesikhathi. Kanjalo, ikhiqiza amasucker amaningi, ngakho noma isitshalo sikamama sifa, umuntu angasala. Ngakho, ngeke kube nesidingo sokuthenga esinye isihlahla.
izinhlobo zemikhiwane
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zemikhiwane emhlabeni, kodwa sizoncoma ezinye ezitshalwa kakhulu eSpain, njengoba zivame ukuzivundisa, njengalezi:
- i-albacore: iyinhlobonhlobo, ngenxa yemvelaphi yayo (isifunda saseMedithera), imelana kakhulu nesomiso. Ine-biferous, futhi ikhiqiza izivuno ezimbili ngonyaka.
- Blanca: lamakhiwane amhlophe, njengokusho kwegama lawo. Zingagcinwa zomile kangcono kunezinye izinhlobo.
- Celeste: Inamakhiwane anesikhumba esinsomi, nenyama ebomvana enokunambitheka okumnandi.
- Saree Lob: Iwuhlobo olukhiqiza amakhiwane anesikhumba esinsomi, anokunambitheka okumnandi nephunga elimnandi. Umphumela wukuthi ivamise ukuvuleka ngokushesha nje lapho ivuthwa, ngakho-ke kufanele ivunwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kuvinjwe izinambuzane kanye/noma izinyoni ukuba zingasitholi.
- I-Verdal: Lawa amakhiwane aluhlaza avuthwa sekwephuzile, kusukela ekupheleni kwehlobo kuya cishe phakathi nekwindla. Kodwa bane-flavour enhle kakhulu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwesihlahla somkhiwane
Kuyisihlahla esinemisebenzi embalwa. Okubaluleke kakhulu yi- izithelo: kokubili amakhiwane namakhiwane kudliwa kusanda, "kunamathiselwe". Benza ngisho nojamu nama-dessert amnandi. Manje, nakuba yaziwa kakhulu, kukhona enye ejabulisa ngokulinganayo: i imihlobiso. Kuyisitshalo esiphila kahle nokuncane, esidinga ilanga kuphela, inhlabathi edonsa amanzi kahle, futhi kunjalo. Kukhona labo abakhuthazwayo futhi babe nayo njengebhonsai, noma njengesihlahla esincane ebhodweni. Ukuthena akulimazi kangako inqobo nje uma kwenziwa ngesikhathi esifanele futhi kungashubi.
Esikhathini esidlule, i-latex yayisetshenziselwa ukulwa nemigodi nama-warts, kodwa namuhla, nodokotela abangochwepheshe, kungcono ukuya kubo, ngoba ingozi yokuba nezinkinga iphezulu. Futhi kungukuthi i-latex kuphela ngokuthintana nesikhumba ingabangela ukulunywa nokuluma, kanye nokuzwela ekukhanyeni; futhi uma sidliwe singaba nomuzwa wokungakhululeki, ukuhlanza kanye/noma isicanucanu.
Isihlahla somkhiwane sidinga ukunakekelwa ini?
Manje ake siqhubekele ekunakekeleni lesi sihlahla. Njengoba kade silindele, yisihlahla sezithelo eseneliswa okuncane. Kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kucatshangelwe izinto ezimbalwa, ngaphandle kwalokho kungase kungakhuli ngendlela esifisa ngayo:
Indawo
El UFicus carica idinga ukukhanya okuningi. Eqinisweni, kungcono ukuyibeka kusukela ekuqaleni endaweni lapho kuvezwa khona ilanga eliqondile, futhi uma kungenzeka usuku lonke, nakuba ingakhula kahle uma unikeza isigamu sosuku kuphela.
Izimpande zawo ziyahlasela, kepha futhi akufanelekile ukubeka izitshalo ngaphansi komqhele noma eduze kwesiqu sawo, ngoba kungenzeka ukuthi ngeke ziphile ngokukhipha i-ethylene (igesi ekhuthaza ukuwa kwamaqabunga ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kanye i-senescence noma ukuguga, futhi ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kwezitshalo).
Umhlaba
- Imbiza yezimbali: uma izoba sebhodweni, izogcwala, isibonelo, i-universal substrate (iyathengiswa lapha).
- Ingadi noma ingadi yezithelo: Inhlabathi kufanele ingathathi hlangothi noma ibe yisisekelo, ibe ne-pH engaphezu kuka-6.5. Ikhula ngaphandle kobunzima emhlabathini wobumba, kodwa kufanele ibe nokugeleza okuhle; okungukuthi, uma sibona ukuthi uma sinasela noma lina, amachibi amanzi athatha amahora noma izinsuku ukuthi anyamalale, kufanele sifake amapayipi okukhipha amanzi, noma senze imigudu noma imithambeka ukuze kungabe kusenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho utshala emhlabathini, kunconywa kakhulu ukuxuba inhlabathi nge-perlite noma ubumba.
Ukunisela
Ukunisela kufanele ibe yindlala ngokuvamile, ikakhulukazi uma iphansi. Ukukunikeza umbono wokuthi imelana kangakanani nesomiso, kufanele wazi ukuthi mina ngokwami ngineyodwa engadini yami, eningizimu yeMallorca, futhi asilokothi siyinisele. Futhi cishe amalitha angu-350 kuphela emvula ewela ngonyaka, asakazwa ebusika, phakathi nehlobo (cishe ingxenye yesibili ka-August) futhi ngezinye izikhathi entwasahlobo.
Yiqiniso, uma ikhulile ebhodweni, izinto ziyashintsha, ngoba kulezi zimo inani lenhlabathi lilinganiselwe kakhulu, futhi libuye lome ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, uma igcinwe esitsheni, sizonisela cishe kabili ngesonto, ngaphandle kwasekwindla nasebusika, lapho sizokhipha isikhala sokuchelela.
Umbhalisile
Obhalisile izokwenziwa njalo kusukela entwasahlobo kuya ngasekupheleni kwehlobo. Akubalulekile uma itshalwe phansi, kodwa ebhodweni iyanconywa ukuze ingaphelelwa umsoco. Ukuze wenze lokho, kunconywa kakhulu ukuvundisa isihlahla somkhiwane ngomanyolo owuketshezi, isibonelo, i-guano, noma i-algae extract, ngokulandela imiyalelo ephaketheni.
Ukuphindaphinda
Isihlahla somkhiwane singaphindaphindeka ngezindlela ezintathu ezihlukene: ngembewu ekwindla (nasentwasahlobo, kodwa esanda kuba ngcono), ukusikwa (ekupheleni kobusika) kanye ne-air layering (entwasahlobo).
Izinambuzane
Iyakwazi ukumelana, kodwa kwezinye izikhathi ingaba:
- Ama-Mealybugs: Bathanda izindawo ezomile nezishisayo. Banamathela emaqabunga nasemakhiwaneni, futhi badla ubisi lwabo.
- umkhiwane fly: Sika amakhiwane eseluhlaza, awe masinyane.
- amakhiwane: bamba amagalari emagatsheni abonakala entwasahlobo.
- izibungu emakhiwaneni: yilezo zempukane, ezithinta nezinye izihlahla. Amakhiwane aqeda ukukhula kwawo, kodwa ngaphakathi sizobona ukuthi agcwele izibungu.
- amacimbi emaqabunga: badla i-epidermis yamaqabunga.
Izifo
Ngokuqondene nezifo, ungaba nalokhu okulandelayo:
- Okugqamile, evame ukuvela ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwe-mealybug.
- Ukubola kwezimpande, okubangelwa ukuchelela ngokweqile kanye/noma inhlabathi ekhipha amanzi kabi, evuna isikhunta se-pathogenic njenge-phytophthora.
- igciwane le-mosaic, okubangela ukubonakala kwamachashaza amise okwe-mosaic emaqabunga, futhi ngeshwa alikho ikhambi.
Izihlahla
Kwenzeka ekupheleni kobusika. Okwenziwayo yilokhu okulandelayo:
- Susa ama-suckers. Kwesinye isikhathi umuntu uyasala lapho isihlahla sesisondele ekupheleni kokuphila kwaso.
- Sika amagatsha abukeka kabi, aphukile, omile noma anezimpawu zesifo noma izinambuzane ezinkulu ezifana namabhore ngaphakathi, isibonelo.
- Sika lezo ezinde kakhulu, okungukuthi, labo abakunikeza ukubukeka "kwasendle" noma okungcolile.
Isibindi
Imelana kuze kufike ku- -12ºC, nakuba kungadingeki ukuba lehlise izinga lokushisa kakhulu ukuze lithele izithelo. Endaweni yangakithi, ngokwesibonelo, yehla kuphela ku -1,5ºC futhi sidla amakhiwane amnandi njalo ehlobo, ngakho ungakhathazeki uma uhlala njengami endaweni enesimo sezulu esipholile. Okubalulekile ukuthi izinkathi zonyaka ezine ziyahlukaniswa, nokuthi ekwindla-ebusika kukhona okungenani amahora angu-100 ngaphansi kuka-7 degrees Celsius.
Ubucabangani ngomkhiwane? Unaye umuntu?